Table 4.1.—Research and Development Expenditures by Performer in Constant Dollars

	1960	1965	1970	1975	1980	1985	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Research and development expenditures, total	55,697	73,327	75,668	72,922	89,660	121,871	127,390	130,427	132,253	136,493	140,435	141,410
Private	44,373	55,441	56,987	54,516	69,938	98,881	103,336	105,700	106,732	110,545	114,508	115,186
Industry/1/	40,489	47,942	49,101	47,134	61,364	89,550	93,249	95,252	95,959	99,392	103,045	103,405
Private universities and colleges	2,149	3,968	4,183	3,615	3,934	3,814	4,212	4,394	4,505	4,571	4,583	4,643
FFRDC's administered by private universities and colleges	679	1,147	1,117	1,144	1,796	2,025	2,383	2,526	2,517	2,492	2,494	2,414
FFRDC's administered by private nonprofit institutions	213	556	604	406	598	730	590	562	562	612	673	726
Other nonprofit institutions/2/	843	1,828	1,982	2,217	2,246	2,762	2,902	2,966	3,189	3,478	3,713	3,998
Government	11,324	17,886	18,681	18,406	19,722	22,990	24,054	24,727	25,521	25,948	25,927	26,224
Federal Government	8,720	12,539	12,118	11,286	11,138	13,202	13,334	13,494	13,803	13,905	13,684	13,763
State and local governments (excluding universities and colleges)	206	308	516	615	607	657	710	775	795	805	805	819
State and local universities and colleges	1,895	4,356	5,388	5,802	6,742	7,318	8,020	8,406	8,847	9,138	9,304	9,602
FFRDC's administered by governments	503	683	659	703	1,235	1,813	1,990	2,052	2,076	2,100	2,134	2,040

1. Includes FFRDC's administered by industry.

2. Nonprofit institutions are divided into four subgroups: Private universities and colleges, FFRDC's administered by universities and colleges, FFRDC's administered by nonprofit institutions, and other nonprofit institutions.

FFRDC Federally funded research and development center