International Economics Directorate Product Guide

The International Economics Directorate of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) publishes Survey of Current Business articles and other publications on various topics, including U.S. direct investment abroad, foreign direct investment in the United States, U.S. international services, U.S. international transactions, and the U.S. international investment position. This page provides a comprehensive list of these publications organized by subject area and publication date.

Methodologies

U.S. International Economic Accounts: Concepts and Methods provides a description of the major concepts and estimation methods used for the preparation of the U.S. International Economic Accounts.

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I. U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

A. Direct Investment Position and Related Balance of Payments Flows

Preliminary annual estimates are published in the summer of the year following the year covered; revised estimates are published a year later. Written analyses of data for the most recent year are based on preliminary estimates. Prior to 1996, quarterly estimates of the flows (but not the position) were published, in limited detail, in the U.S. international transactions articles in the March, June, September, and December Survey of Current Business issues. Beginning in 1996, these articles appeared in the April, July, October, and January issues.

For earlier years, information was published in various Survey of Current Business issues. From 1985 to 1993, summary estimates of the position and a brief analysis of current developments appeared in June as part of the article on the U.S. international investment position (see section IV.A). In 1994 and 1995, these estimates and analyses appeared in a separate article in June. Detailed tables on the position and related capital and income flows appeared in August (July in 1993). In earlier years, both detailed tables and an analysis usually had appeared in August. Beginning in 1996, summary estimates of the position and analyses appeared in July, and detailed tables on the position and related capital and income flows appeared in September.

Balance of payments and position data for outward direct investment
Contains quarterly estimates for financial flows and income by country and by industry and annual country by industry estimates for positions, financial flows, and income.

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on annual U.S. direct investment abroad balance of payments and direct investment position data back to 1982 are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application. Comprehensive data are also available on the BEA website.

Past estimates for one or more years are revised each year, sometimes because the series have been "rebenchmarked" to a more recent benchmark, or census, of direct investment.

Survey of Current Business Articles

Publication date, years covered, author, and comments

8/2024, 2023
8/2023, 2022
8/2022, 2021
8/2021, 2020
8/2020, 2019
8/2019, 2018, Atkinson & McCloskey
8/2018, 2017, Stutzman & Munasib
7/2017 & 9/2017, 2016, Jenniges & Stutzman
Mataloni prepared the 9/2017 report
7/2016 & 9/2016, 2015, Jenniges & Fetzer
Stutzman prepared the 9/2016 report
7/2015 & 9/2015, 2014, Jenniges & Fetzer
Hansen and Limes prepared the 9/2015 report
7/2014 & 9/2014, 2013, Ibarra-Caton & Mataloni
Ibarra-Caton prepared details of 9/2014.
7/2013 & 9/2013, 2012, Barefoot & Ibarra-Caton.
Ibarra-Caton prepared details of 9/2013.
7/2012 & 9/2012, 2011, Barefoot & Ibarra-Caton.
Lowe prepared details of 9/2012.
7/2011 & 9/2011, 2010, Barefoot & Ibarra-Caton
Lowe prepared details of 9/2011.
7/2010 & 9/2010, 2009, Ibarra-Caton
Lowe prepared details of 9/2010.
7/2009 & 9/2009, 2008, Ibarra & Koncz
Lowe prepared details of 9/2009.
7/2008 & 9/2008, 2007, Ibarra & Koncz
Lowe prepared details of 9/2008.
7/2007 & 9/2007, 2006, Ibarra & Koncz
Lowe prepared details of 9/2007.
7/2006 & 9/2006, 2005, Koncz & Yorgason
Lowe prepared details of 9/2006.
7/2005 & 9/2005, 2004, Koncz & Yorgason
Lowe prepared details of 9/2005.
7/2004 & 9/2004, 2003, Borga & Yorgason
Lowe prepared details of 9/2004.
7/2003 & 9/2003, 2002, Borga
Estimates for 1999-2001 rebenchmarked to 1999 benchmark survey. Lowe prepared details of 9/2003.
7/2002 & 9/2002, 2001, Borga & Yorgason
Lowe prepared details of 9/2002.
7/2001 & 9/2001, 2000, Borga & Mataloni
Lowe prepared details of 9/2001.
7/2000 & 9/2000, 1999, Bargas
Lowe prepared details of 9/2000.
7/1999 & 9/1999, 1998, Bargas & Troia
Lowe prepared details of 9/1999.
7/1998 & 10/1998, 1997, Bargas
Estimates for 1994-1996 rebenchmarked to 1994 benchmark survey.
7/1997 & 9/1997, 1996, Bargas
Lowe prepared details of 9/1997.
7/1996 & 9/1996, 1995, Lowe
6/1995 & 8/1995, 1994, Lowe
6/1994 & 8/1994, 1993, Lowe
6/1993 & 7/1993, 1992, Lowe
Estimates for 1989-1992 rebenchmarked to 1989 benchmark survey.
6/1992 & 8/1992, 1991, Mataloni
Estimates incorporate various methodological changes.
6/1991 & 8/1991, 1990, Lowe
6/1990 & 8/1990, 1989, Lowe
6/1989 & 8/1989, 1988, Lowe
6/1988 & 8/1988, 1987, Lowe
6/1987 & 8/1987, 1986, Lowe
6/1986 & 8/1986, 1985, Brereton
Estimates for 1982-1984 rebenchmarked to 1982 benchmark survey.
6/1985 & 8/1985, 1984, Belli
8/1984, 1983, Howenstine
8/1983, 1982, Whichard
8/1982, 1981, Whichard
8/1981, 1980, Whichard
Estimates for 1977-1979 rebenchmarked to 1977 benchmark survey.
8/1980, 1979, Whichard
8/1979, 1978, Whichard
8/1978, 1977, Kozlow, Rutter & Walker
8/1977, 1976, Whichard
Estimates for 1966-1975 revised.
8/1976, 1975, Whichard & Freidlin
10/1975, 1974, Freidlin & Lupo
Estimates for 1966-1973 rebenchmarked to 1966 benchmark survey.

Data for 1966-1981

Tables for U.S. direct investment abroad (USDIA) for position, financial flows, and income for 1966-1981, for all countries in which there is U.S. direct investment (with no industry detail).

Position 1966-1976 and 1977-1981
Financial flows 1966-1976 and 1977-1981
Income 1966-1976 and 1977-1981

Also available, description of changes in methodology and presentation for USDIA balance of payments and position data: 1977, 1982, and 1994.

B. Operations of U.S. Parent Companies and Their Foreign Affiliates

Data are from benchmark and annual sample surveys of U.S. direct investment abroad. The surveys collect operating and financial data of U.S. companies and their foreign affiliates, such as balance sheets, income statements, employment and compensation of employees, trade in goods, and sales of goods and services. Published estimates are derived from the reported sample data. Benchmark surveys cover 1982 and every five years starting in 1989. Prior to 2009, non-benchmark surveys covered nonbank affiliates of nonbank parents. Data are preliminary when first published; revised data are published a year later.

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on the activities of U.S. MNEs and their foreign affiliates are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application. Comprehensive data are also available on the BEA website.

Survey of Current Business Articles

Publication date, year covered, and author

09/2024, 2022
12/2023, 2021
12/2022, 2020
12/2021, 2019
09/2020, 2018
09/2019, 2017, Hossiso
09/2018, 2016, Hossiso
12/2017, 2015, Jenniges
12/2016, 2014, Scott
08/2015, 2013, Scott
08/2014, 2012, Mataloni
11/2013, 2011, Barefoot
11/2012, 2010, Barefoot
11/2011, 2009, Barefoot and Mataloni
8/2010, 2008, Barefoot and Mataloni
8/2009, 2007, Barefoot and Mataloni
11/2008, 2006, Mataloni
11/2007, 2005, Mataloni
11/2006, 2004, Mataloni and Yorgason
7/2005, 2003, Mataloni
7/2004, 2002, Mataloni
11/2003, 2001, Mataloni
12/2002, 2000, Mataloni
3/2002, 1999, Mataloni and Yorgason
7/2000, 1998, Mataloni
7/1999, 1997, Mataloni
9/1998, 1996, Mataloni
10/1997, 1995, Mataloni
12/1996, 1994, Mataloni and Fahim-Nader
6/1995, 1993, Mataloni
6/1994, 1992, Mataloni
7/1993, 1991, Mataloni
8/1992, 1990, Mataloni
10/1991, 1989, Lowe and Mataloni
6/1990, 1988, Mataloni
6/1989, 1987, Whichard
6/1988, 1986, Whichard
6/1987, 1985, Brereton
9/1986, 1984, Brereton
1/1986, 1983, Belli
12/1985, 1982, Whichard and Shea

Information on benchmark surveys is available in section I.D.

C. Capital Expenditures by Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies

Through September 1994, when this series was discontinued, estimates were published twice yearly, usually in the March and September edition of the Survey of Current Business.

Publication date, years covered, author, and comments

9/1994, 1993-1994, Fahim-Nader
The last article presenting the results of the capital expenditures survey, which has been discontinued.
3/1994, 1993-1994, Fahim-Nader
9/1993, 1992-1993, Fahim-Nader
3/1993, 1992-1993, Fahim-Nader
Estimates for 1983-91 also revised to reflect information from the 1989 benchmark survey.
9/1992, 1991-1992, Fahim-Nader
3/1992, 1991-1992, Fahim-Nader
9/1991, 1989-1991, Fahim-Nader
1989 estimates revised in connection with 1989 benchmark survey.
3/1991, 1990-1991, Mataloni
9/1990, 1990-1991, Mataloni
3/1990, 1989-1990, Mataloni
Examines patterns of foreign affiliate capital spending from 1977-1989.
9/1989, 1989-1990, Mataloni
3/1989, 1988-1989, Quijano
9/1988, 1987-1989, Quijano
3/1988, 1987-1988, Herr
9/1987, 1986-1988, Herr
3/1987, 1986-1987, Herr
10/1986, 1985-1987, Herr
Estimates for 1982-1984 rebenchmarked to 1982 benchmark survey.
3/1986, 1985-1986, Lowe,
9/1985, 1984-1986, Kozlow
3/1985, 1984-1985, Kozlow
9/1984, 1983-1985, Kozlow
3/1984, 1983-1984, Kozlow
9/1983, 1982-1984, Kozlow
3/1983, 1982-1983, Kozlow
9/1982, 1981-1983, Kozlow
3/1982, 1981-1982, Kozlow
10/1981, 1980-1982, Lowe
Estimates for 1977-1979 rebenchmarked to 1977 benchmark survey.
3/1981, 1980-1981, Lowe
9/1980, 1979-1981, Lowe
3/1980, 1979-1980, Chung
9/1979, 1978-1980, Chung
3/1979, 1978-1979, Chung
10/1978, 1977-1979, Lupo
3/1978, 1977-1978, Galler
9/1977, 1976-1978, Lupo
3/1977, 1976-1977, Belli
9/1976, 1975-1977, Chung
3/1976, 1975-1976, Whichard
9/1975, 1974-1976, Howenstine
Estimates for 1971-1973 revised.
3/1975, 1974-1975, Chung
9/1974, 1973-1975, Chung
Estimates for 1967-1972 revised.

D. Benchmark Surveys and Related Articles

Benchmark surveys are periodic surveys of the universe of U.S. direct investment abroad. In addition to the direct investment position and related flows of capital, income, and royalties and license fees, they cover a wide range of operating and financial data of U.S. parent companies and their foreign affiliates, such as balance sheets, income statements, external financing, employment and compensation of employees, trade in goods, and sales of goods and services. Benchmark surveys cover 1982 and every five years starting in 1989. Prior to 2009, non-benchmark surveys covered nonbank affiliates of nonbank parents.

Analytical Survey of Current Business articles that draw on universe data from the benchmark surveys, or on matched sample data from the 1966 benchmark survey and the 1970 mini-census, are listed below.

Publication date, title, author, comments

12/2021, Activities of U.S. Multinational Enterprises in 2019
Summary of 2019 Benchmark Survey (preliminary)
12/2016, Activities of U.S. Multinational Enterprises in the United States and Abroad: Preliminary Results From the 2014 Benchmark Survey, Scott
Summary of 2014 Benchmark Survey (preliminary)
11/2011, Operations of U.S. Multinational Companies in the United States and Abroad: Preliminary Results From the 2009 Benchmark Survey, Barefoot & Mataloni
Summary of 2009 Benchmark data (preliminary).
3/2007, Research and Development Activities of U.S. Multinational Companies: Preliminary Results From the 2004 Benchmark Survey, Yorgason
11/2006, Operations of U.S. Multinational Companies: Preliminary Results From the 2004 Benchmark Survey, Mataloni & Yorgason
Summary of 2004 Benchmark data (preliminary).
3/2002, Operations of U.S. Multinational Companies: Preliminary Results from the 1999 Benchmark Survey, Mataloni & Yorgason
Summary of 1999 Benchmark data (preliminary).
4/1997, Real Gross Product of U.S. Companies' Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates in Manufacturing, Mataloni
This article presents estimates of real gross product of majority-owned foreign affiliates in manufacturing for 1982-94 and discusses the methodology used to produce the estimates. The methodology makes use of "purchasing-power-parity" exchange rates.
12/1996, Operations of U.S. Multinational Companies: Preliminary Results from the 1994 Benchmark Survey, Mataloni & Fahim-Nader
Based on preliminary 1994 benchmark survey results.
2/1994, Gross Product of U.S. Multinational Companies, 1977-91, Mataloni & Goldberg
Presents estimates of gross product of nonbank U.S. multinational companies based on benchmark and annual surveys of U.S. direct investment abroad.
10/1991, U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: 1989 Benchmark Survey Results, Lowe & Mataloni
Based on preliminary 1989 benchmark survey results.
5/1986, U.S. Merchandise Trade Associated with U.S. Multinational Companies, Barker
Based on 1982 benchmark survey data.
12/1985, 1982 Benchmark Survey of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad, Whichard & Shea
Summary of 1982 benchmark survey data.
2/1983, Gross Product of U.S. Multinational Companies, 1977, Howenstine
Based on 1977 data.
4/1982, Growth of U.S. Multinational Companies, 1966-77, Howenstine
Based on 1966 and 1977 data.
2/1982, Employment and Employee Compensation of U.S. Multinational Companies, Whichard
Based on 1977 data.
10/1981, Profile of U.S. Multinational Companies in 1977, Barker
Based on 1977 data.
4/1981, 1977 Benchmark Survey of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad, International Investment Division
Summary of 1977 benchmark survey data.
8/1978, Relationship Between Age and Rate of Return of Foreign Manufacturing Affiliates of U.S. Manufacturing Parent Companies, Lupo, Gilbert, & Liliestedt
Based on 1966 data.
2/1977, Gross Product of Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies, Howenstine
Based on l966-1970 sample data; includes 1966 universe estimates for foreign affiliates.
5/1974, U.S. Multinational Companies: Profitability, Financial Leverage, and Effective Income Tax Rate, Leftwich
Based on l966-1970 sample data.
10/1973, Employment and Payroll Costs of U.S. Multinational Companies, Barker & Kraseman
Based on 1966-1970 sample data.
1/1973, Worldwide Sales by U.S. Multinational Companies, Lupo
Based on 1966-1970 sample data.
12/1972, U.S. Foreign Trade Associated with U.S. Multinational Companies, Barker
Based on 1966-1970 sample data.

Benchmark results and their accompanying methodologies

E. Other Publications and Articles on U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

Publication date, title, author

Sources and Uses of Funds

5/1979, Sources and Uses of Funds of Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies, 1973-1976, Staff paper.
7/1975, Sources and Uses of Funds for a Sample of Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies, 1966-72, Mantel.
11/1970, Sources and Uses of Funds of Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Firms, 1967-68, Belli.

Sales by Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies

Sales data were collected in an annual sample survey for 1966-1976. For 1977 and 1982, they were collected in the 1977 and 1982 benchmark surveys (see section I.D.); they were not collected for 1978-1981. Beginning with 1983, sales data have been collected annually as part of the annual survey of the operations of U.S. parent companies and their foreign affiliates (see section I.B.).

3/1978, 1976, Chung
2/1977, 1975, Chung
5/1976, 1974, Chung
8/1975, 1973, Chung - Estimates for 1966-1972 revised.

Statistics on U.S. Multinational Companies

3/1995, A Guide to BEA Statistics on U.S. Multinational Companies, Mataloni.

U.S. Intrafirm Trade in Goods

2/1997, U.S. Intrafirm Trade in Goods, Zeile
Examines trends and patterns in U.S. intrafirm trade in goods associated with U.S. and foreign multinational companies in 1977-1994. Analyzes the relative importance of intrafirm trade in total U.S. trade in goods with major trading-partner countries in 1992.

BEA-Bureau of Labor Statistics Data Link Project

Insights from BEA on U.S. MNE data linked with Bureau of Labor Statistics data on employment by occupation in manufacturing establishments.

10/2011, Domestic Employment in U.S.-Based Multinational Companies, Weber Handwerker, Kim, & Mason, BLS Monthly Labor Review
10/1993, New Research on Occupations in Foreign-Owned Manufacturing Establishments In The United States, BLS news release

Other topics

11/2023, Research Spotlight: Experimental Statistics for U.S. Direct Investment Abroad, Weber Handwerker, Kim, & Mason, BLS Monthly Labor Review
7/2023, Research Spotlight: Multinational Firms in the U.S. Economy: New Insights
11/2017, American Multinationals and American Interests 40 Years Later: What Have We Learned From Research Using BEA Data?, Mataloni
2/2015, The Effects of Corporate Inversions on the International and National Economic Accounts, Hanson, Krakower, Mataloni, Pinard
9/2014, Research Spotlight: Multinational Enterprises and International Technology Transfer, Zeile
3/2008, Research Spotlight: Foreign Location Choices by U.S. Multinational Companies, Mataloni
3/2007, Research Spotlight: The Internal Markets of Multinational Firms, Desai, Foley & Hines
3/2006, Research Spotlight: Taxation and Multinational Activity: New Evidence, New Interpretations, Mataloni

II. Foreign Direct Investment in The United States

A. Direct Investment Position and Related Balance of Payments Flows

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on annual foreign direct investment in the U.S. balance of payments and direct investment position data back to 1980 are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application. Comprehensive data are also available on the BEA website.

Balance of payments and position data for inward direct investment
Contains quarterly estimates for financial flows and income by country and by industry and annual country by industry estimates for positions, financial flows, and income.

Survey of Current Business Articles

Publication date, year covered, author, and comments

8/2024, 2023
8/2023, 2022
8/2022, 2021
8/2021, 2020
8/2020, 2019
8/2019, 2018, Atkinson & McCloskey
8/2018, 2017, Stutzman & Munasib
7/2017 & 9/2017, 2016, Jenniges & Stutzman
Raymond Mataloni prepared the 9/2017 report
7/2016 & 9/2016, 2015, Jenniges & Fetzer
Sarah Stutzman prepared details of 9/2016
7/2015 & 9/2015, 2014, Jenniges & Fetzer
Nathan Hansen and Ricardo Limes prepared the 9/2015 report
7/2014 & 9/2014, 2013, Ibarra-Caton & Mataloni
Ibarra-Caton prepared details of 9/2014.
7/2013 & 9/2013, 2012, Barefoot & Ibarra-Caton.
Ibarra-Caton prepared details of 9/2013.
7/2012 & 9/2012, 2011, Barefoot & Ibarra-Caton.
Lowe prepared details of 9/2012.
7/2011 & 9/2011, 2010, Barefoot & Ibarra-Caton
Lowe prepared details of 9/2011.
7/2010 & 9/2010, 2009, Ibarra-Caton
Lowe prepared details of 9/2010.
7/2009 & 9/2009, 2008, Ibarra & Koncz
Lowe prepared details of 9/2009.
7/2008 & 9/2008, 2007, Ibarra & Koncz
Lowe prepared details of 9/2008.
7/2007 & 9/2007, 2006, Ibarra & Koncz
Lowe prepared details of 9/2007.
7/2006 & 9/2006, 2005, Koncz & Yorgason
Estimates for 2002-2005 rebenchmarked to 2002 benchmark survey. Lowe prepared details of 9/2006.
7/2005 & 9/2005, 2004, Koncz & Yorgason
Lowe prepared details of 9/2005.
7/2004 & 9/2004, 2003, Borga & Yorgason
Lowe prepared details of 9/2004.
7/2003 & 9/2003, 2002, Borga
Lowe prepared details of 9/2003.
7/2002 & 9/2002, 2001, Borga & Yorgason
Lowe prepared details of 9/2002.
7/2001 & 9/2001, 2000, Borga & Mataloni
Lowe prepared details of 9/2001.
7/2000 & 9/2000, 1999, Bargas
Lowe prepared details of 9/2000.
7/1999 & 9/1999, 1998, Bargas & Troia
Lowe prepared details of 9/1999.
7/1998 & 9/1998, 1997, Bargas
Estimates for 1992-1996 rebenchmarked to 1992 benchmark survey.
7/1997 & 9/1997, 1996, Bargas
7/1996 & 9/1996, 1995, Bargas
6/1995 & 8/1995, 1994, Lowe
6/1994 & 8/1994, 1993, Bargas
6/1993 & 7/1993, 1992, Bargas
6/1992 & 8/1992, 1991, Bezirganian
Estimates for 1982 forward incorporate various methodological changes.
6/1991 & 8/1991, 1990, Bezirganian
Estimates for 1987-1990 rebenchmarked to 1987 benchmark survey.
6/1990 & 8/1990, 1989, Quijano & Bezirganian
6/1989 & 8/1989, 1988, Quijano
6/1988 & 8/1988, 1987, Quijano
6/1987 & 8/1987, 1986, Whichard
6/1986 & 8/1986, 1985, Howenstine
6/1985 & 8/1985, 1984, Howenstine
10/1984, 1983, Belli
Estimates for 1980-1983 rebenchmarked to 1980 benchmark survey.
8/1983, 1982, Chung & Fouch
8/1982, 1981, Howenstine & Fouch
8/1981, 1980, Chung & Fouch
8/1980, 1979, Chung & Fouch
8/1979, 1978, Fouch & Lupo
8/1978, 1977, Chung & Fouch
10/1977, 1976, Mantel
Position for 1973, and all estimates for 1974-1975, rebenchmarked to 1974 survey.
8/1976, 1975, Lupo & Fouch
10/1975, 1974, Mantel
Includes 1971-1972 final estimates and final 1973 flows.

Other Publications and Articles on Direct Investment Flows, Position, and Income

Publication date, title, and comments

2/1990, A Guide to BEA Statistics on Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, Quijano.
12/1984, Selected Data on Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, 1950-79
Publication covers the direct investment position and related capital and income flows.

B. Operations of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies

Data are from benchmark and sample surveys of foreign direct investment in the United States. The surveys collect financial and operating data of the U.S. affiliates of foreign direct investors, such as balance sheets, income statements, employment and compensation of employees, trade in goods, and selected data by state. The first annual survey covered 1977. Benchmark surveys cover every five years starting in 1987. Prior to 2007, non-benchmark surveys covered nonbank affiliates of nonbank parents. Data are preliminary when first published; revised data are published a year later. Articles published before those listed below presented only reported sample data. Other than for benchmark years, the listed articles present universe estimates derived by linking the sample data reported in the annual survey to the preceding benchmark survey.

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on the activities of foreign MNEs and their U.S. affiliates are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application. Comprehensive data are also available on the BEA website.

Survey of Current Business Articles

Publication date, year covered, author, and comments

12/2024, 2022
09/2023, 2021
09/2022, 2020
09/2021, 2019
12/2020, 2018
12/2019, 2017
12/2018, 2016, Stutzman
08/2017, 2015, Stutzman
08/2016, 2014, Stutzman
11/2015, 2013, Ismaylov & Limes
11/2014, 2012, Anderson
08/2013, 2011, Anderson
08/2012, 2010, Anderson
08/2011, 2009, Anderson
11/2010, 2008, Anderson
11/2009, 2007, Anderson & Zeile
8/2008, 2006, Anderson
8/2007, 2005, Anderson
8/2006, 2004, Anderson & Zeile
8/2005, 2003, Zeile
8/2004, 2002, Zeile
8/2003, 2001, Zeile
8/2002, 2000, Zeile
8/2001, 1999, Zeile
8/2000, 1998, Zeile
8/1999, 1997, Zeile
6/1998, 1996, Fahim-Nader & Zeile
The article is combined with the one on the acquisition and establishment of U.S. businesses by foreign direct investors in 1997.
6/1997, 1995, Fahim-Nader & Zeile
The article is combined with the one on the acquisition and establishment of U.S. businesses by foreign direct investors in 1996.
7/1996, 1994, Fahim-Nader & Zeile
The article is combined with the one on the acquisition and establishment of U.S. businesses by foreign direct investors in 1995.
5/1995, 1993, Fahim-Nader & Zeile
The article is combined with the one on the acquisition and establishment of U.S. businesses by foreign direct investors in 1994.
7/1994, 1992, Zeile
5/1993, 1991, Bezirganian
5/1992, 1990, Bezirganian
7/1991, 1989, Bezirganian
7/1990, 1988, Howenstine
7/1989, 1987, Howenstine
5/1988, 1986, Howenstine
5/1987, 1985, Howenstine
10/1986, 1984, Shea
11/1985, 1983, Howenstine
12/1984, 1982, Howenstine
11/1983, 1981, Howenstine

NOTE: For 1977-1980 data, see the sub-section below on Other Publications and Articles on the Operations of U.S. Affiliates.

Information on benchmark surveys is available in section II.E.

Data on the operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies

Comprehensive Financial and Operating Data

C. Establishment Data from BEA-Census Link

Detailed establishment data for U.S. affiliates of foreign companies obtained from a project that links Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) enterprise, or company, data on foreign direct investment in the United States with the Census Bureau's establishment data for all U.S. companies. The data are presented by detailed industry, by country of ultimate beneficial owner, and by state.

All available data by year are available to download

Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for 2007 (PDF and Excel files)
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for 2002 (PDF and Excel files)
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for 1997 (PDF and Excel files)
5/1999, Regional Patterns in the Location of Foreign-Owned U.S. Manufacturing Establishments, Johnson, Shannon & Zeile
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for 1992 (ZIP)
3/1996, Differences in Foreign-Owned U.S. Manufacturing Establishments by Country of Owner, Howenstine & Shannon
1/1994, Characteristics of Foreign-Owned U.S. Manufacturing Establishments | SCB, January, Howenstine & Zeile
10/1992, Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for 1987, Howenstine & Zeile (ZIP)
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for Manufacturing 1991 (ZIP)
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for Manufacturing 1990 (ZIP)
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for Manufacturing 1989 (ZIP)
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for Manufacturing 1988 (ZIP)

D. New Foreign Direct Investment in the United States

Data are from an annual survey of U.S. businesses newly acquired or established by foreign direct investors during the year. The first survey covered 1979. There was a break in the survey series between 2009 and 2013. Data are preliminary when first published; revised data are published a year later.

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on the activities of U.S. MNEs and their foreign affiliates are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application. Comprehensive data are also available on the BEA website.

Survey of Current Business Articles

Publication date, year covered, author, comments

8/2024, 2023
8/2023, 2022
8/2022, 2021
8/2021, 2020
8/2020, 2019
8/2019, 2018, Anderson
8/2018, 2017, Anderson
8/2017, 2016, Anderson
8/2016, 2015, Anderson
1/2016, 2014, Anderson
6/2009, 2008, Anderson
6/2008, 2007, Ku-Graf
6/2007, 2006, McNeil
6/2006, 2005, McNeil
6/2005, 2004, Anderson
6/2004, 2003, Anderson
6/2003, 2002, Anderson
6/2002, 2001, Anderson
6/2001, 2000, Howenstine
6/2000, 1999, Howenstine & Troia
This article presents new investments of U.S. business enterprises acquired or established by foreign direct investors for 1999 under both the US SIC and NAICS.
6/1999, 1998, Fahim-Nader
This article is separate from the overall operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in 1997 and presents data for 1998.
6/1998, 1997, Fahim-Nader
The article is combined with the one on the overall operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in 1996.
6/1997, 1996, Fahim-Nader
The article is combined with the one on the overall operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in 1995.
7/1996, 1995, Fahim-Nader
The article is combined with the one on the overall operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in 1994.
5/1995, 1994, Fahim-Nader
The article is combined with the one on the overall operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in 1993.
5/1994, 1993, Fahim-Nader
5/1993, 1992, Fahim-Nader
5/1992, 1991, Fahim-Nader
5/1991, 1990, Fahim-Nader
First estimates to incorporate an adjustment for late reports.
5/1990, 1989, Bezirganian
5/1989, 1988, Herr
5/1988, 1987, Herr
5/1987, 1986, Herr
5/1986, 1985, Shea
5/1985, 1984, Shea
5/1984, 1983, Belli
6/1983, 1982, Belli
6/1982, 1981, Belli
8/1981, 1980, Belli
1/1981, 1979, Belli

U.S. Business Enterprises Acquired or Established by Foreign Direct Investors

Comprehensive Data

E. Benchmark Surveys and Related Articles

Benchmark surveys are periodic surveys of the universe of foreign direct investment in the United States. In addition to the direct investment position and related capital and income flows, they cover a wide range of operating and financial data of U.S. affiliates of foreign direct investors, such as balance sheets, income statements, external financing, employment and compensation of employees, trade in goods, and selected data by state. Benchmark surveys cover every five years starting in 1987. Prior to 2007, non-benchmark surveys covered nonbank affiliates of nonbank parents.

Analytical articles that draw on data from the benchmark surveys are:

Publication date, year covered, author, and comments

12/2024, Activities of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Multinational Enterprises in 2022
12/2019, Activities of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Multinational Enterprises in 2017
11/2014, Activities of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Multinational Enterprises in 2012
11/2009, Operations of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies: Preliminary Results From the 2007 Benchmark Survey, Anderson & Zeile
8/2004, Operations of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies: Preliminary Results from the 2002 Benchmark Survey, Zeile
8/1999, Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Preliminary Results from the 1997 Benchmark Survey, Zeile
Summary of 1997 benchmark survey data (preliminary).
7/1994, Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: 1992 Benchmark Survey Results, Zeile
Summary of 1992 benchmark survey data (preliminary).
7/1989, U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies: 1987 Benchmark Survey Results, Howenstine
Summary of 1987 benchmark survey data (preliminary).
10/1983, Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Highlights from the 1980 Benchmark Survey, Belli
Summary of 1980 benchmark survey data.
1/1979, Gross Product of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies, Howenstine
Based on 1974 data.
12/1978, Employment and Employee Compensation of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies, 1974, Whichard
5/1976, Benchmark Survey of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, 1974, International Investment Division
Summary of 1974 benchmark survey data.

Benchmark surveys have been conducted in 1980, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007.

Benchmark results and their accompanying methodologies.

III. International Services

A. Annual International Services Articles

Beginning with 1990, detailed data on trade in services and on services supplied through the channel of direct investment have been presented in an annual article in the Survey of Current Business.

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on trade in services and on services supplied through affiliates are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application.

Publication date, title, author, and comments

10/2024, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2023 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2022, Allen, Stein, Johns & Fatima
10/2023, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2022 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2021, Allen, Stein, Johns & Fatima
10/2022, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2021 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2020, Allen & Fatima
10/2021, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2020 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2019, Allen & Fatima
10/2020, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2019 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2018, Allen, Grimm, Steiner, & Telles
10/2019, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2018 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2017 (related tables), Allen, Anderson, Grimm, & Mann
10/2018, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2017 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2016 (related tables), Allen, Grimm, & Steiner
10/2017, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2016 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2015 (related tables), Allen & Grimm
12/2016, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2015 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2014 (related tables), Grimm & Ortiz
10/2015, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2014 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2013 (related tables), Grimm & Krishnan
10/2014, U.S. International Services: Trade in Services in 2013 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2012 (related tables), Grimm & Krishnan
10/2013, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2012 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2011 (related tables), Grimm & Sharma
10/2012, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2011 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2010 (related tables), Ibarra-Caton & Sharma
10/2011, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2010 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2009 (related tables), Koncz & Flatness
10/2010, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2009 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2008 (related tables), Koncz & Flatness
10/2009, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2008 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2007 (related tables), Koncz & Flatness
10/2008, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2007 and Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2006 (related tables), Koncz & Flatness
10/2007, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2006 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2005 (related tables), Koncz & Flatness
10/2006, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2005 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2004, Koncz, Mann & Nephew
10/2005, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2004 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2003, Nephew, Koncz, Borga & Mann
10/2004, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2003 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2002, Borga & Mann
10/2003, U.S International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2002 and Sales through Affiliates in 2001, Borga & Mann
1999-2002 for cross-border; 2000-2001 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
10/2002, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2001 and Sales through Affiliates in 2000, Borga & Mann
1998-2001 for cross-border; 1999-2000 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
11/2001, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2000 and Sales through Affiliates in 1999, Mann & Borga
1997-2000 for cross-border; 1998-1999 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
10/2000, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 1999 and Sales through Affiliates in 1998, Mann, Brokenbaugh & Bargas
1996-1999 for cross-border; 1997-1998 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
10/1999, U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 1998 and Sales through Affiliates in 1997, Mann, Brokenbaugh & Bargas
1995-1998 for cross-border; 1996-1997 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
10/1998, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Private Services, Mann, Brokenbaugh & Bargas
1994-1997 for cross-border; 1995-1996 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
10/1997, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Private Services, Mann, Atherton, Brokenbaugh & Bargas
1993-1996 for cross-border; 1994-1995 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
11/1996, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Private Services, Mann, Atherton, Brokenbaugh & Bargas
1992-1995 for cross-border; 1993-1994 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
9/1995, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Private Services, Mann, Atherton & Bargas
1991-1994 for cross-border; 1992-1993 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
9/1994, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Private Services, Sondheimer & Bargas
1990-1993 for cross-border; 1991-1992 for sales by majority-owned affiliates. Includes a box on Channels of Delivery to Foreign Markets and a technical note on Cross-Border Transactions in Construction and Related Services.
9/1993, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Private Services, Sondheimer & Bargas
1989-1992 for cross-border; 1990-1991 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
9/1992, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Private Services, Sondheimer & Bargas
1986-1991 for cross-border; 1989-1990 for sales by majority-owned affiliates. Includes a discussion of changes in methodology.
9/1991, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Services, DiLullo & Whichard
1987-1990 for cross-border; 1988-1989 for sales by majority-owned affiliates.
9/1990, U.S. International Sales and Purchases of Services, DiLullo & Whichard
1986-1989 for cross border sales; 1986-1988 for sales by majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. companies; 1987-1988 for sales by majority-owned U.S. affiliates of foreign companies. Includes a section describing the data.
10/1988, International Services: New Information on U.S. Transactions with Unaffiliated Foreigners, Whichard
Results of BEA's benchmark survey, covering 1986, of selected U.S. international services transactions.
6/1988, U.S. Multinational Companies: Operations in 1986, Whichard
Includes a section on sales of services starting on page 93.
1/1987, U.S. Sales of Services to Foreigners, Whichard
Contains (1) a summary of sources of information on U.S. sales of services to foreigners, and (2) an analysis of sales of services by U.S. MNC's during 1982-1984

B. Services Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (STEC)

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on services trade by enterprise characteristics (STEC) are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application.

3/2025, U.S. Multinationals' Services Trade by Industry and Employment Size Class, Wingo
5/2024, A Profile of U.S. Services Traders, 2006–2022, Bruner and Grimm
12/2019, A Profile of U.S. Exporters and Importers of Services, 2017, Bruner and Grimm
6/2012, A Profile of U.S. Exporters and Importers of Services, Barefoot and Koncz-Bruner

C. Other Publications and Articles on U.S. International Services:

Publication date, title, comments

8/2019, Measuring Trade in Services by Mode of Supply, Mann
8/2018, A Guide To BEA’s Services Surveys, Battaglia and Stein
11/2017, Transatlantic Trade in Services: Investigating Bilateral Asymmetries in EU-U.S. Trade Statistics, Howell, Obrzut, and Nowak
5/2017, Exploratory Estimates of U.S. International Services by Mode of Supply, Mann
5/2016, Trends in U.S. Trade in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Services and in ICT-Enabled Services, Grimm
5/2016, Innovation-Related Services Trade by Multinational Enterprises: Results from an Interagency Data Link Project, Moris and Zeile
9/2013, U.S. International Transactions in Private Services: A Guide to the Surveys Conducted by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
6/2012, Trends in Digitally-Enabled Trade in Services, 1998-2010, Borga and Koncz-Bruner
6/2002, Selected Issues in the Measurement of U.S. International Services, Whichard and Borga
3/1998, U.S. International Transactions in Private Services: A Guide to the Surveys Conducted by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
Provides comprehensive information on BEA's 11 surveys of services transactions between U.S. residents and unaffiliated foreigners. The Guide presents general information about the classification, definitions, and release schedules of all of the surveys. It also provides details for each survey on the transactions covered, the frequency of the surveys, the numbers of respondents, and the methods that BEA uses to prepare the estimates.
9/1984, U.S. International Trade and Investment in Services: Data Needs and Availability, Whichard
11/1981, Services Transactions in the U.S. International Accounts, 1970-80, DiLullo

IV. U.S. International Transactions

Customizable time series tables and charts with data on U.S. International Transactions are available in BEA's Interactive Data Application.

A. U.S. International Transactions Quarterly Articles

A discussion of the prior quarter's balance of payments transactions appears in the March, June, September, and December Survey of Current Business issues. Beginning in 1996, these articles appeared in the April, July, October, and January issues of the Survey of Current Business.

B. Annual Update of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts

Publication date, title, author

7/2024, Annual Update of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts, Hoang
7/2023, Annual Update of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts, Hoang
7/2022, Annual Update of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts, International Direcorate Staff
7/2021, Annual Update of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts, Adjoh-Baliki and Sutterley
7/2020, Annual Update of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts, Telles, Martinez, and Peck
7/2019, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, Eric Bryda, C. Omar Kebbeh, and Ted Peck
7/2018, Annual Update of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts, Berman, Xin, Weinberg
7/2017, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, Eric Bryda, C. Omar Kebbeh, and Daniel H. Meier
7/2016, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, C. Omar Kebbeh and Eric Bryda
7/2015, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, C. Omar Kebbeh and Cavan Wilk
7/2014, Comprehensive Restructuring and Annual Revision of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts, Bogen, Hoang, Howell, Whitaker
7/2013, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, Barbara H. Berman and Jeffrey R. Bogen
7/2012, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, Jeffrey R. Bogen and Jessica M. Hanson
7/2011, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, Erin Whitaker and Mai-Chi Hoang
7/2010, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, Helen Y. Bai and Mai-Chi Hoang
7/2009, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, Anne Flatness, Erin M. Whitaker, and Robert E. Yuskavage
7/2008, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, 1974–2007, Christopher L. Bach
7/2007, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts for 1997–2006, Christopher L. Bach
7/2006, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts for 1995-2005, Christopher L. Bach
7/2005, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, 1991-2004, Christopher L. Bach
7/2004, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, 1989-2003, Christopher L. Bach
7/2003, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, 1992-2002, Christopher L. Bach
7/2002, Annual Revision of the U.S. International Accounts, 1993-2001, Christopher L. Bach
7/2001, U.S. International Transactions, Revised Estimates for 1989-2000, Christopher L. Bach
7/2000, U.S. International Transactions, Revised Estimates for 1982-99, Christopher L. Bach
7/1999, U.S. International Transactions, Revised Estimates for 1982-98, Christopher L. Bach
7/1997, U.S. International Transactions, Revised Estimates for 1974-96, Christopher L. Bach

C. An Ownership-Based Disaggregation of the U.S. Current Account

BEA discontinued the Ownership-Based Framework of the Current Account statistical presentation in 2022. Although the statistical product is no longer produced, all components of the framework are available in BEA's published International Transactions Accounts, international services, and activities of multinational enterprises statistics available on BEA's website. For guidance on how to prepare the framework based on BEA's public statistics, refer to International: Supplemental Statistics.

2/2022, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2020, Hossiso
1/2021, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2019, Hosisso
1/2020, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2018, Hosisso
2/2019, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2006 - 2017, Hosisso
1/2018, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2005 - 2016, Hosisso
1/2017, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2004–2015, Hossiso
1/2016, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2003–2014, Jenniges
1/2015, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2002–2013, Anderson
1/2014, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2001–2012, Anderson
1/2013, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 2000-2011, Lowe
1/2012, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1999-2010, Lowe
1/2011, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1999-2009, Lowe
1/2010, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1999-2008, Lowe
1/2009, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1998-2007, Lowe
1/2008, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1997–2006, Lowe
1/2007, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1995–2005, Lowe
1/2006, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1993-2004, Lowe
1/2005, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1992-2003, Lowe
1/2004, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1992-2002, Lowe
1/2003, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1989-2001, Lowe
4/2002, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1989-99, Lowe
1/2001, An Ownership-Based Framework of the U.S. Current Account, 1982-98, Lowe
1/2000, An Ownership-Based Disaggregation of the U.S. Current Account, 1982-97, Lowe
12/1998, An Ownership-Based Disaggregation of the U.S. Current Account, 1982-96, Lowe
10/1995, An Ownership-Based Disaggregation of the U.S. Current Account, 1982-93, Whichard & Lowe

D. How BEA Aligns and Augments Source Data from the U.S. Treasury Department for Inclusion in the International Transactions Accounts

A discussion of BEA adjustments to align Treasury International Capital reporting system data with balance-of-payments concepts and to close gaps in coverage, to prepare statistics for the financial account of the international transactions accounts appears in the July Survey of Current Business issues beginning in 2004.

E. International Transactions and Positions in Financial Derivatives Other Than Reserves

A presentation of detailed information on the financial derivatives that are included in the U.S. International Transactions Accounts and U.S. International Investment Position appears in the July Survey of Current Business issues beginning in 2009. Transactions in financial derivatives other than reserves were introduced to the U.S. International Transactions Accounts in 2007.

F. Reconciliation of the United States-Canadian Current Account

Details of the reconciliation of the United States-Canadian Current Account were published in the following issues of the Survey of Current Business: June 1975, September 1976 and 1977, December 1979, June 1981, December 1981 through 1991, November 1992, October 1993 through 1995, November of 1996–2008, December 2010, and January 2013.

G. Other Publications

7/2021, A Primer on the U.S. International Economic Accounts, Bruner
12/1993, Alternative Frameworks for U.S. International Transactions, Landefeld, Whichard, & Lowe

V. U.S. International Investment Position

From June 1985 through June 1993, the Survey of Current Business articles on the U.S. international investment position include separate, brief analyses of the direct investment positions (measured at historical cost) for U.S. direct investment abroad and foreign direct investment in the United States. In 1994 and 1995, these analyses appear in a separate article in June (see section I.A and section II.A). The article in the June 1995 issue includes aggregate current cost and market value estimates of the direct investment positions for 1982-94.

Beginning with 1996, the articles that used to appear in the June issue of the Survey of Current Business appeared in the July issue.

The May 1991 Survey of Current Business article, "Valuation of the U.S. Net International Investment Position," by Landefeld & Lawson, reviews the issues surrounding the valuation of the U.S. net international investment position and presents revalued estimates for direct investment, for U.S. gold reserves, and for the international investment position. The article describes two alternative methods for valuing direct investment in prices of the current period, presents estimates of the direct investment totals for 1982-89 that are prepared using these methods, and compares these estimates with BEA's existing historical-cost estimates and with current-value estimates from several earlier studies. Beginning with the article published in June 1991, the articles listed below show estimates of the position valued at current cost and market value only.

Publication date, year covered, author, comments

7/2024, 2023, Whitaker
7/2023, 2022, Whitaker
7/2022, 2021, Whitaker
7/2021, 2020, Whitaker
7/2020, 2019, Nguyen and Whitaker
7/2019, 2018, Nguyen and Weinberg
7/2018, 2017, Nguyen and Weinberg
7/2017, 2016, Nguyen and Weinberg
7/2016, 2015, Nguyen
7/2015, 2014, Nguyen
7/2014, 2013, Nguyen
7/2013, 2012, Nguyen
7/2012, 2011, Nguyen
7/2011, 2010, Nguyen
7/2010, 2009, Nguyen
7/2009, 2008, Nguyen
7/2008, 2007, Nguyen
7/2007, 2006, Nguyen
7/2006, 2005, Nguyen
7/2005, 2004, Nguyen
7/2004, 2003, Abaroa
7/2003, 2002, Nguyen
7/2002, 2001, Nguyen
7/2001, 2000, King
7/2000, 1999, Scholl
7/1999, 1998, Scholl
7/1998, 1997, Scholl
7/1997, 1996, Scholl
7/1996, 1995, Scholl
6/1995, 1994, Scholl
6/1994, 1993, Scholl
6/1993, 1992, Scholl
6/1992, 1991, Scholl
5/1991, Valuation of the U.S. Net International Investment Position, Landefeld & Lawson
6/1991, 1990, Scholl
6/1990, 1989, Scholl
6/1989, 1988, Scholl
6/1988, 1987, Scholl
6/1987, 1986, Scholl
6/1986, 1985, Scholl
6/1985, 1984, Scholl
6/1984, 1983, Scholl
8/1983, 1982, Scholl
8/1982, 1981, Scholl
8/1981, 1980, Scholl
8/1980, 1979, Scholl
8/1979, 1978, Scholl (article is in Pt. 1 of this issue)
8/1978, 1977, Scholl
10/1977, 1976, Scholl
8/1976, 1975, Scholl
10/1975, 1974, Scholl

VI. Additional Topics

Publication date, title, author, comments

Global Supply Chains

3/2025, U.S. Multinationals' Services Trade by Industry and Employment Size Class, Wingo
Visual essay examining how U.S. trade in selected services varies by firm size and industry.
12/2024, Changes in Host Country Employment for U.S. Multinational Enterprises, 2009–2022,
Visual essay presenting statistics on employment of majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. MNEs by country and industry.

B. Studies of the Reliability of the International Economic Accounts

12/2024, Reliability of the International Accounts, Anderson
The study examines the reliability of the ITAs and IIP over the period 2014 – 2023.
10/2022, International Transactions Accounts Analysis of Revisions, statistical analysis prepared by Howley
2/2017, An Analysis of the Reliability of BEA’s International Transactions Accounts, Howley
A study of revisions to the first published estimates of the quarterly international transactions accounts for 1999–2015 shows that the accounts provide an accurate picture of economic activity between U.S. residents and foreign residents.
11/2012, An Analysis of Revisions to BEA’s International Economic Accounts, Yorgason & Scott
A study of revisions to the first published estimates of the quarterly international transactions accounts for 1999–2011 shows that the accounts provide an accurate picture of economic activity between U.S. residents and foreigners.

C. Modernizing BEA’s International Economic Accounts

BEA introduced new presentations of the International Transactions Accounts (ITAs), International Investment Position (IIP) accounts, and International Services accounts in 2014. These new presentations are discussed in the Survey of Current Business articles listed below. Additional information can be found on the BEA website.

3/2014, The Comprehensive Restructuring of the International Economic Accounts, Borga and Howell
5/2013, Modernizing and Enhancing BEA’s International Economic Accounts, Howell and Westmoreland
5/2012, Modernizing and Enhancing BEA’s International Economic Accounts: A Progress Report, Howell
5/2011, BEA Briefing: Modernizing and Enhancing BEA’s International Economic Accounts: A Progress Report, Howell and Howenstine
5/2010, BEA Briefing: Modernizing and Enhancing BEA’s International Economic Accounts: Recent Progress and Future Directions, Howell and Yuskavage

D. BEA-Census Bureau-National Science Foundation R&D Data Link Project

9/2013, Research Spotlight: State-Level R&D by Multinational Companies: Results From an Interagency Data Link Project, Zeile
9/2012, Project Linking Multi-Agency Surveys Produces New Findings on R&D by Multinational Companies, NSF Infobrief
9/2012, International Investment and R&D Data Link: 2004–07, Detailed Statistical Tables
2/2007, Linking Multinational Corporations Data from International Investment Surveys and Industrial R&D Surveys, NSF Infobrief
6/2005, Research and Development Data Link Project Final Report

E. Other Publications

3/1999, International Direct Investment: Studies by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, various authors
The publication brings together a number of key studies by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) on U.S. direct investment abroad and foreign direct investment in the United States. The studies cover such topics as the characteristics of multinational companies, including their profitability, productivity, and sourcing patterns; measures of direct investment that are valued in current-period prices; and supplemental balance of payments frameworks that incorporate information on ownership from BEA's direct investment surveys. These studies were originally published in the Survey of Current Business, BEA's monthly journal. This publication also includes users' guides to BEA's statistics on direct investment and detailed methodologies from BEA's benchmark survey publications on foreign direct investment in the United States and U.S. direct investment abroad.
2/1999, U.S. Resource Flows to Developing Countries and Multilateral Organizations, 1993-97, McCormick
8/1992, Rates of Return on Direct Investment, Landefeld, Lawson, & Weinberg

Contents

Methodologies

Press Releases

Contact Us

I. U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

A. Direct Investment Position and Related Balance of Payments Flows

Survey of Current Business Articles

Other Publications and Articles on Direct Investment Flows, Position, and Income:

Data for 1966-1981

B. Operations of U.S. Parent Companies and Their Foreign Affiliates

C. Capital Expenditures by Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies

D. Benchmark Surveys and Related Articles

Benchmark results and their accompanying methodologies

E. Other Publications and Articles on U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

II. Foreign Direct Investment in The United States

A. Direct Investment Position and Related Balance of Payments Flows

B. Operations of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies

Data on the operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies

Other Publications and Articles on the Operations of U.S. Affiliates

C. Establishment Data from BEA-Census Link

D. New Foreign Direct Investment in the United States

Survey of Current Business Articles

U.S. Business Enterprises Acquired or Established by Foreign Direct Investors

E. Benchmark Surveys and Related Articles

III. International Services

A. Annual International Services Articles

C. Other Publications and Articles on U.S. International Services:

IV. U.S. International Transactions

V. U.S. International Investment Position

VI. Additional Topics

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