Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 4.0 percent in the fourth quarter of 2020, reflecting both the continued economic recovery from the sharp declines earlier in the year and the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including new restrictions and closures that took effect in some areas of the United States. In the third quarter, real GDP increased 33.4 percent. For more details, including source data, see the Technical Note and Federal Recovery Programs and BEA Statistics.
Quarterly GDP highlights
The fourth-quarter increase in real GDP reflected increases in exports, business investment, consumer spending, housing investment, and inventory investment that were partially offset by a decrease in government spending. Imports, a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, increased.
The increase in exports primarily reflected an increase in goods (led by industrial supplies and materials). The increase in business investment reflected an increase in all components, led by equipment. The increase in consumer spending reflected an increase in services (led by health care). The decrease in government spending was primarily in state and local.
Quarterly prices
Prices of goods and services purchased by U.S. residents increased 1.7 percent in the fourth quarter after increasing 3.3 percent in the third quarter. Excluding food and energy, prices rose 1.7 percent after increasing 3.0 percent in the third quarter.
Year 2020 highlights
Real GDP decreased 3.5 percent (from the 2019 annual level to the 2020 annual level), compared with an increase of 2.2 percent in 2019. The decrease primarily reflected decreases in consumer spending, exports, inventory investment, and business investment that were partially offset by increases in housing investment and government spending. Imports, a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, decreased.
The decrease in consumer spending was more than accounted for by services (led by food services and accommodations, health care, and recreation services). The decrease in exports reflected decreases in both services (led by travel) and goods (led by non-automotive capital goods).
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