Pilot U.S. Physical and Monetary Energy Flow Accounts

This paper presents pilot physical and monetary energy fow accounts (PEFA and MEFA, respectively) for the United States, covering 2012–2022/2023. These pilot accounts integrate existing economic and energy statistics to track energy fows through the economy in accordance with international accounting standards. The PEFA compiles physical fows using data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), BEA, and the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), while the MEFA isolates energy-related transactions from BEA’s detailed supply and use tables. We demonstrate methods for attributing energy use to industries and adjusting transportation source data from a territory basis to a residency basis. A key innovation of this paper is the development of state-level monetary energy supply estimates, allocating national production to all 50 states using BEA regional data and EIA electricity statistics. These experimental estimates represent an early step toward subnational natural resource accounts in the United States. While balanced and nearly comprehensive at the national scale, the accounts remain preliminary, with areas for future research and refnement including the residency adjustment for truck transportation (PEFA), greater industry detail (national MEFA), and both energy use and intra-state trade (state-level MEFA).